Intervention by Carlos Correa at the Global South Media and Think Tank Forum, Kunming, 6 September 2025
We were pleased to speak at the Global South Media and Think Tank Forum on the increased weight of the Global South in the world economy and the need for a more assertive role in shaping a more inclusive and fairer international order.
History of the Negotiations of the TRIPS Agreement
By Carlos Correa
When the currently developed countries started their industrialization process, the intellectual property system was very flexible and allowed them to industrialize based on imitation, as it was notably the case of the United States. The international intellectual property system evolved since the end of the XIX Century based on a number of conventions on which the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) was later built on. Developing countries resisted the incorporation into the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of broad disciplines on intellectual property, as they were conscious that they were disadvantaged in terms of science and technology and that a new agreement, with a mechanism to enforce its rules, would freeze the comparative advantages that developed countries enjoyed. Faced with the threat of not getting concessions in agriculture and textiles -that were crucial for their economies- they were finally forced to enter into negotiations of an Agreement, the terms of which were essentially dictated by developed countries. Coercion rather than negotiations among equal partners seems to explain the final adoption of this Agreement.
Working Document – Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing System
3 September 2025
This document is a work in progress intended to assist in the understanding of the ongoing negotiations in the WHO | IGWG for the establishment of a Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing System as an Annex of the Pandemic Agreement, as described in Article 12.
Mapping Africa’s Digital Trade: AfCFTA, JSI & AU AI Strategy
WTO Public Forum Working Session 49
Organizer: South Centre
18 September 2025 10:45-12:00 Room S3
This session explores how Africa is shaping its digital trade future through the AfCFTA Digital Trade Protocol, engagement in WTO e-commerce discussions, and the Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy. It will examine the region’s priorities on data governance, local value creation, and inclusive digital markets, while assessing risks of fragmentation across regimes. Speakers will consider how African countries can assert greater agency in global digital rulemaking and align trade, technology, and development strategies. The session offers a forward-looking perspective on what a fair and inclusive global digital trade architecture could look like from an African and Global South perspective.
WTO Reform: Rewriting Trade History – The United States as Architect and Beneficiary of the Multilateral Trading System
A Working Paper on Elements of WTO Reform, 1 September 2025
By Vahini Naidu, Trade for Development Programme, South Centre
This paper examines the revisionist trade narrative advanced by the United States, which portrays multilateral rules as disadvantageous and seeks to justify unilateral tariffs and coercive bilateral arrangements. It demonstrates that the principles of non-discrimination and reciprocity pre-date Bretton Woods and were embedded in the multilateral system through U.S. initiatives from the 1930s through the creation of GATT in 1947. Far from being disadvantaged, the U.S. has consistently shaped and benefitted from the system, including through the Uruguay Round’s expansion of enforceable rules on services, intellectual property, and investment. The analysis shows that the shift toward what has been termed the “Turnberry system” risks fragmenting global markets, eroding the MFN principle, and deepening structural asymmetries that leave developing countries more vulnerable to exclusion. By correcting historical records, the paper underscores the importance of defending multilateral guarantees of equal treatment while building institutional capacity and strategic coordination to better safeguard development priorities in an increasingly contested global order.
Sustainable Development with an Unsustainable Investor – State Dispute Settlement Mechanism?
Side Event to the 60th Session of the Human Rights Council
Co-organized by the South Centre, Permanent Mission of Honduras in Geneva and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Development
Date: Monday, 8 September 2025, 2-3 PM
Venue: Concordia 1, Building A, Palais des Nations
Is the current ISDS mechanism undermining human rights & sustainable development?
Join our HRC60 side event to discuss the impacts and explore fairer alternatives.
Global South’s Aspirations for Inclusive Human Development
By Sudheendra Kulkarni
China’s epoch-changing success in complete eradication of extreme poverty by the end of 2020 has many lessons for other developing countries, including India, that still have a large burden of poverty. India and China, as the only two nations with populations over one billion, should expand all-round cooperation based on mutual learning. Without any doubt, this will prove highly beneficial to inclusive Global Development.
Submission on the Work Programme of the High-Level Champions and the Marrakech Partnership (CHLC/MP) 2025 and the Global Climate Action Agenda
South Centre
August 2025
Voluntary action is no longer enough. The South Centre submission to the UNFCCC calls for transforming the climate agenda to ensure true inclusivity, tackle harmful lobbying, and create accountability mechanisms and policy gaps.
Reflections on Global Development in Times of Crisis: Arguments in Favour of an Alternate Development Paradigm
By K. Seeta Prabhu
The multiple interlinked and interacting crises that the world faces today is of unprecedented range and magnitude, halting progress and causing even a reversal in crucial Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to well-being. The current situation of an unequal, unstable and unsustainable world that is fragile and leaves people vulnerable on multiple counts, is due to the policy decisions taken by national governments since the post second World War period that gave priority to economic growth and neglected both intra and inter-generational distributional issues. Economic growth was considered the end instead of the means it was meant to be and ‘being well-off’ was equated with ‘well- being’. The tendency to adopt a ‘Business as Usual’ approach is not an option as empirical analysis indicates that such an approach would lead to global warming that is 3–5 degrees Celsius above pre–industrial levels, which threatens the very existence of the planet. Earlier attempts at reorienting the current development paradigm towards equity and sustainability have not been successful, as exemplified by vaccine distribution during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the limited success of concepts such as inclusive growth and green growth. Often, the elements infusing equity have been add-ons to an inequitable growth process and are more in the nature of token gestures rather than serious efforts at change.
The combined human development and Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) approach that is proposed in this paper is promising as it has the ethical values of equity and sustainability at its core, propagates the notion of the ‘common good’ and thereby fosters responsible consumption and production. It is also people-centric and builds on indigenous knowledge and agency. The ushering in of this transformational development paradigm will require the forging of a new social contract between the State and Society. Additionally, the developed countries must recognise their responsibility towards the environment and extend support and cooperation to developing countries in the pursuit of a common agenda of attaining a more equal and sustainable world. Increased flow of financial resources to developing countries as well as devising new financing mechanisms enhancing the equity and efficiency dimensions of financing for human development so as to accelerate progress on the SDGs will also be of paramount importance.
Alternative Modality for Landmark Decision of UN Convention on Biodiversity: Bounded Openness over Natural Information
By Joseph Henry Vogel
The Secretariat of the 1993 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity requested Submissions of Views on “possible additional modalities for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of digital sequence information on genetic resources”. Bounded Openness over Natural Information is an alternative that could supplant the modalities of Decision 16/2 and achieve fairness, equity and efficiency.
The Importance of Balanced Intellectual Property Systems for Patients’ Access to Medicines: An Analysis
By Archana Jatkar and Nicolás Tascón
Access to safe, effective, cost-effective, and quality-assured medicines is fundamental from a patients’ perspective. The International Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association (IGBA) recently released a report highlighting the critical balance between innovation, competition, and timely access to medicines. This article delves into the key findings of IGBA’s report, their implications on patient access to medicines and national healthcare budgets, and the IGBA’s recommendations for improving the global pharmaceutical landscape.
Reflections on 30 Years of the South Centre
31 July 2025, Geneva
To honour the South Centre’s 30th Anniversary, we are pleased to feature reflections on the South Centre’s work over the years. We invited entities and individuals to share brief remarks on how the South Centre has contributed to support development efforts or, specifically, to their own work—whether through the Centre’s policy support, technical assistance, capacity-building, or advocacy. These reflections highlight the strength of South-South solidarity and the impact of our collective efforts over the years. We were grateful to receive the remarks compiled in this document and deeply appreciate the contributions to this celebration of the South Centre.
