A tributação da economia digital na prática: Impostos sobre os serviços digitais e outras medidas
Por Natalia Quiñones, Anchal Khandelwal, Oluwole Olushola Oni, Maryam Maiyaki, Doris Malgwi, Ezekiel Swema, Nickson Omondi, Ivy Watti, Dinesh Thapa, Anne Wanyagathi Maina e Kolawole Omole
As empresas digitais continuam a crescer e a gerar receitas substanciais em jurisdições de mercado sem manter uma presença física. Baseiam-se principalmente em ativos intangíveis, dados de utilizadores e envolvimento dos utilizadores. As regras fiscais internacionais não acompanharam estes desenvolvimentos, deixando muitas jurisdições incapazes de tributar eficazmente a atividade económica digital. Em resposta, os países introduziram medidas nacionais, tais como os Impostos sobre Serviços Digitais (DST), as taxas de equalização e os impostos sobre a Presença Económica Significativa (SEP), continuando simultaneamente a envolver-se em esforços multilaterais. Este artigo examina a forma como os países implementaram tais medidas. O estudo aplica estudos de caso estruturados da Colômbia, Índia, Quénia, Nepal, Nigéria e Tanzânia. Analisa os quadros jurídicos, as práticas administrativas e os resultados em termos de receitas dos países, identificando simultaneamente características comuns e diferenças fundamentais nas abordagens de implementação. O artigo explora os fundamentos conceptuais e as justificações teóricas para tributar as receitas digitais na fonte, destacando as limitações das atuais regras de repartição de lucros que ignoram o papel do mercado. Com base nas experiências destes países, o estudo desenvolve um quadro de aprendizagem entre pares assente nas melhores práticas emergentes, reconhecendo simultaneamente os desafios da implementação. O estudo propõe, em seguida, vias para a harmonização das medidas fiscais digitais e delineia elementos essenciais de conceção para informar o desenvolvimento do protocolo preliminar sobre a tributação de serviços transfronteiriços (que inclui serviços digitais) ao abrigo da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Cooperação Fiscal Internacional.
La fiscalidad de la economía digital en la práctica: Impuestos sobre los servicios digitales y otras medidas
Por Natalia Quiñones, Anchal Khandelwal, Oluwole Olushola Oni, Maryam Maiyaki, Doris Malgwi, Ezekiel Swema, Nickson Omondi, Ivy Watti, Dinesh Thapa, Anne Wanyagathi Maina y Kolawole Omole
Las empresas digitales siguen creciendo y generando ingresos sustanciales en jurisdicciones de mercado sin mantener una presencia física. Dependen principalmente de los activos intangibles, los datos de usuarios y la interacción de los usuarios. Las normas fiscales internacionales no han seguido el ritmo de estos avances, lo que ha dejado a muchas jurisdicciones sin la capacidad de gravar eficazmente la actividad económica digital. En respuesta, varios países han introducido medidas nacionales, como los Impuestos sobre Servicios Digitales (ISD), los gravámenes de compensación y los impuestos sobre Presencia Económica Significativa (PES), al tiempo que continúan participando en iniciativas multilaterales. Este documento examina cómo los países han aplicado estas medidas. El estudio abarca casos prácticos estructurados de Colombia, India, Kenia, Nepal, Nigeria y Tanzania. Analiza los marcos jurídicos, las prácticas administrativas y los resultados en materia de recaudación de estos países, además de identificar características comunes y principales diferencias en los enfoques de implementación. El documento explora los fundamentos conceptuales y las justificaciones teóricas para gravar los ingresos digitales en el país de la fuentela fuente, destacando las limitaciones de las normas actuales de asignación de beneficios que pasan por alto el papel del mercado. A partir de las experiencias de estos países, el estudio desarrolla un marco de aprendizaje entre pares basado en las mejores prácticas emergentes, reconociendo al mismo tiempo los desafíos en la implementación. Finalmente, el estudio propone vías para armonizar las medidas fiscales digitales y describe los elementos esenciales de diseño que deben tenerse en cuenta en la elaboración del protocolo inicial sobre la fiscalidad de los servicios transfronterizos (incluidos los servicios digitales) en el marco de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cooperación Internacional en Materia Tributaria.
La fiscalité de l’économie numérique en pratique : les taxes sur les services numériques et autres mesures
Par Natalia Quiñones, Anchal Khandelwal, Oluwole Olushola Oni, Maryam Maiyaki, Doris Malgwi, Ezekiel Swema, Nickson Omondi, Ivy Watti, Dinesh Thapa, Anne Wanyagathi Maina et Kolawole Omole
Les entreprises numériques continuent de se développer et de générer des revenus substantiels dans les juridictions du marché sans y maintenir de présence physique. Elles s’appuient principalement sur des actifs incorporels, les données des utilisateurs et leur engagement. Les règles fiscales internationales n’ont pas suivi le rythme de ces évolutions, laissant de nombreuses juridictions dans l’incapacité de taxer efficacement l’activité économique numérique. En réponse, certains pays ont mis en place des mesures nationales, telles que les taxes sur les services numériques (TSN), les prélèvements d’égalisation et les taxes sur la présence économique significative (SEP), tout en poursuivant leurs efforts multilatéraux. Le présent document examine la manière dont les pays ont mis en œuvre ces mesures. L’étude s’appuie sur des études de cas structurées portant sur la Colombie, l’Inde, le Kenya, le Népal, le Nigeria et la Tanzanie. Elle analyse les cadres juridiques, les pratiques administratives et les résultats en matière de recettes de ces pays, tout en identifiant les caractéristiques communes et les principales différences dans les approches de mise en œuvre. Le document explore les fondements conceptuels et les justifications théoriques de l’imposition des revenus numériques à la source, en soulignant les limites des règles actuelles de répartition des bénéfices qui négligent le rôle du marché. S’appuyant sur ces expériences nationales, l’étude élabore un cadre d’apprentissage par les pairs fondé sur les meilleures pratiques émergentes, tout en reconnaissant les défis liés à la mise en œuvre. L’étude propose ensuite des pistes pour harmoniser les mesures fiscales numériques et décrit les éléments de conception essentiels pour éclairer l’élaboration du premier protocole sur la fiscalité des services transfrontaliers (qui inclut les services numériques) dans le cadre de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur la coopération fiscale internationale.
Digital Public Infrastructure for Democratic Data Monetization
By Rajesh Kumar & Meghna Dhariwal
Data monetization has long been discussed through narrow and fragmented lenses, often overlooking models that prioritize public value and shared benefit. While data is increasingly recognised as a strategic economic asset, conversations around its monetization have largely excluded approaches that empower individuals and communities alongside businesses. This paper proposes a more inclusive and development-centric model of data monetization enabled through Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), referred to as DPI for Democratic Data Monetization (DPI-DDM). First, we define data monetization, explore its importance in today’s digital economy, and trace its evolution, highlighting past approaches and their limitations. Second, we introduce the concept of DPI and articulate why it serves as an optimal foundation for equitable and democratic data monetization. We also outline the key drivers and precedents that have led to the emergence of DPI-DDM. Third, we present a comprehensive framework for DPI-DDM, detailing its foundational layers, potential revenue streams, and the multifaceted benefits it offers to individuals, institutions, and society at large. Fourth, we examine the key challenges in the rollout and implementation of DPI-DDM, including issues related to governance, capacity, and trust. We conclude with actionable insights and a forward-looking roadmap to operationalise DPI-DDM as a vehicle for data equity, economic opportunity, and digital democracy.
Digital businesses continue to grow and generate substantial revenue in market jurisdictions without maintaining a physical presence. They mainly rely on intangibles, user data and user engagement. International tax rules have not kept pace with these developments, leaving many jurisdictions unable to tax digital economic activity effectively. In response, countries have introduced national measures, such as Digital Services Taxes (DSTs), equalisation levies, and Significant Economic Presence (SEP) taxes, while continuing to engage in multilateral efforts. This paper examines how countries have implemented such measures. The study applies structured case studies of Colombia, India, Kenya, Nepal, Nigeria, and Tanzania. It analyzes the countries’ legal frameworks, administrative practices, and revenue outcomes, while also identifying shared features and key differences in implementation approaches. The paper explores the conceptual foundations and theoretical justifications for taxing digital revenues at source, highlighting the limitations of current profit allocation rules that overlook the role of the market. Drawing from these country experiences, the study develops a peer learning framework based on emerging best practices while recognizing the challenges in implementation. The study then proposes pathways for harmonizing digital tax measures and outlines essential design elements to inform the development of the early protocol on the taxation of cross border services (which includes digital services) under the United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation.
Global Digital Compact: Charting a New Era in Digital Governance?
By Aishwarya Narayanan
The Global Digital Compact, adopted during the Summit of the Future in September 2024, is the first truly multilateral instrument which addresses issues relating to global digital governance in a comprehensive and systematic manner. While this is a remarkable step forward in terms of increasing representation, enhancing coordination and addressing fragmentation in digital governance, consensus was difficult to achieve and there remains considerable confusion around its interplay with existing initiatives and mechanisms within the United Nations system. Despite implementation efforts already being underway, its true impact and potential to bridge digital divides will only be revealed in the time to come.
Towards a UN Protocol for Taxing Cross-Border Services in a Digitalized Economy
By Abdul Muheet Chowdhary, Anne Wanyagathi Maina and Kolawole Omole
This Policy Brief offers a way forward on the United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation’s (UNFCITC) protocol for taxing cross-border services in a digitalized economy. Such a protocol can provide a way to standardize and harmonize the existing plethora of widely varying Digital Services Taxes (DSTs), which can reduce political tension between the Global North and South, ease compliance costs and uncertainties for business, while providing a basis for the elimination of double taxation. The revenue generated can help bridge the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) financing gap and for the realization of human rights in the Global South. The Group of Twenty (G20) can act as a forum where key countries in the North and South can hammer out the architecture of the protocol for taxing cross-border services.
Comments to the Global Digital Compact Third Revision
South Centre
Geneva, August 2024
The Global Digital Compact to be agreed in September 2024 is a step towards equitable digital transformation.
Implementation of the Global Digital Compact will require inclusive, strengthened multilateralism, international cooperation and financing to close digital divides.
Unpacking the WTO MC13 Decision on the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce
By Vahini Naidu
The 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) adopted a decision that marks a pivotal shift in the operational framework of the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce (WPEC) of the organisation. This Policy Brief examines how this Decision can enhance the trajectory of the e-commerce discourse within the WTO, elaborates on its implications and makes recommendations aimed at facilitating developing countries’ engagement in the WPEC.
The Global Digital Compact we need for people and the planet
by Anita Gurumurthy, Nandini Chami, Shreeja Sen, Merrin Muhammed Ashraf of IT for Change
The Zero Draft of the Global Digital Compact (GDC) to be adopted at the Summit of the Future is crucial to international digital cooperation under a transformative vision of global digital governance. It should identify the means for achieving equitable participation, sustainable development, gender equality, increased local capacity, public ownership of core digital infrastructure and address the concentration of power in the digital economy. This SouthViews considers some of the shortcomings of the draft GDC, particularly in attaining equitable international data governance and democratic participation in a digital multistakeholder scenario to avoid data monopolies and ensure inclusive policy-making processes, while recentering the objectives of Internet governance for inclusive and development-oriented information societies.
Status of Permanent Establishments under GloBE Rules
By Kuldeep Sharma
The objective of this Research Paper is to comprehensively identify and analyse all Permanent Establishment (PE) related provisions under the global minimum tax of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which is implemented through the Global Anti Base Erosion (GloBE) Model Rules. The analysis has led to the conclusion that PEs hold a significant position and facilitate application of GloBE Rules.
The GloBE Rules have introduced certain new facets involving application of PE provisions when there is no tax treaty; no Corporate Income Tax (CIT) in the source state, and have brought in the concept of stateless PEs. These newly-introduced facets have widened the scope of PEs to enable application of the GloBE Rules in specific situations which would otherwise have remained outside the ambit of taxation.
The paper concludes with an observation that the OECD’s Inclusive Framework is drafting the provisions of Amount A in a manner that results in consistency with GloBE Rules. Likewise, acceptance of “deemed PE” for GloBE rules should be extended to Amount A as well. By doing so, a tax nexus would be provided in source jurisdictions, which will allow profits attributable to Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in a digitalized economy (without physical presence) getting taxed under domestic rules of these source (market) jurisdictions. This would have been a much simpler solution and would have eliminated the complexity of Amount A rules to a large extent, as we see today.
The Global Digital Compact: opportunities and challenges for developing countries in a fragmented digital space
By Carlos Correa, Danish, Vitor Ido, Jacquelene Mwangi and Daniel Uribe
The adoption of a Global Digital Compact (GDC) as one of the outcomes of the Summit of the Future opens up the opportunity to address in a systematic manner issues that are of critical importance for the digital global governance. It also poses a challenge to developing countries, as most of them lack the infrastructure and capabilities to fully participate in the digital transformation. Many inequalities, including a deep digital divide, do exist and would need to be addressed by the GDC for it to become a real instrument of change and improvement in the living conditions and the prospects of a better future for most of the world population. This paper examines the current fragmentation in the digital governance and some of the issues raised by the proposals made by the UN Secretary-General for adoption of the GDC.
